Research Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 8

Research Proposal - Essay Example Parent-child relationships are frequently distressed by the mental illness of a parent. Uysal, Hibbard, Robillard, Pappadopulos, and Jaffe (1998 as cited in Nicholson, Biebel, Kinden, Henry, & Stier, 2004) discovered that parents with mental disorder were less nurturing; less focused on motivating social skill development, cleanliness, and obedience; and were commonly less involved with their children’s social being than parents without mental illness. Such parenting deteriorations could be related with child problem behavior (Nicholson et al., 2004). In order to situate the research questions in theoretical perspective, several major components of social development framework: the interdependencies of social lives; and the function of human agency in the process of making decision (Reutlinger, 2009), will be considered. A fundamental principle of the social development framework is that the lives of people are interconnected (Reutlinger, 2009). The interrelated lives of parents and children are specifically significant due to the fact that even though children commonly have little say in the decision making of the lives of their parents, the family define the living situations of children considerably by affecting the levels of different social capital resources accessible to children within the family unit (Schmier, 2004). Even though the lives of children are influenced by an array of social institutions external to the family, such as peers, neighborhoods, and schools, the fates and opportunities of family members are strongly interconnected, and families keep hold of a major role in the social development of children (Schmier, 2004). Family arrangement, the prerequisites of abilities and skills by adult family members and the possible rivalry for resources from other family members therefore all facilitate in the construction of the domestic

A New American Society Essay Example for Free

A New American Society Essay After the Americans gained independence from Britain in 1783 in the revolution. The colonies began to change their economic, social and political system, and began to write their new constitution that lead to the override of the Articles of Confederation in 1781. The major change the Americans accomplished was the separation from the monarchy. Thomas Paine said â€Å"the nearer any government approaches to a republic the less business there is for a king.† (Common Sense 1776) During the process of a new central government, states became independent with their own central government. However, this would give the central government less power over the 13 states. Another huge change in the colonies was the separation from the church. A preacher stated that under British rule that there was a â€Å"Moral obligation, imposed on the world, to answer the purposes of ambitious usurps.† (Lorenzo Dow pg.197) This would later lead to outpouring religious enthusiasm in the colonies and the Great Awakening. An economic issue was that only the states could impose taxes in the states and congress could only request funds to pay off debt. Another factor was that the government did not have a stable money currency in the colonies, which made it difficult to barter or trade with other states. The Northern part of the colonies focused more in manufacturing and the South depended on agricultural needs. Jefferson believed in more of an agricultural economy â€Å"our exterior commerce has suffered very much from the beginning†¦ we have manufactured†¦those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God† (Notes on the state of the Virginia pg. 170). On the other hand, Hamilton believed in trading manufactured goods with Britain and believed in a society of manufacturing. The weak Articles of confederation lead to a new constitution in the colonies. The articles of confederation were ratified in the constitutional convention of 1781 in Philadelphia. Reasons it was considered â€Å"weak† was the lack of checks and balances, government could not impose taxes, and central government was weak and the lack of personal rights of the colonists. â€Å"Make the following declarations, of our humble opinions, respecting the most essential rights and liberties of the colonists† (Declaration of rights pg. 124). James Madison was one of the founding fathers of the new constitution, because of his federalist papers.

Accounting Concepts for Borrowing Costs

Accounting Concepts for Borrowing Costs Abstract To prescribe the accounting treatment for borrowing cost incurred irrespective of its nature either capital or revenue and to interpret the said accounting standard in a fairly manner with the help of accounting standard interpretation as issued by ICAI. Introduction With the advent of Industrialisation, Organisations need more resources so as to compete in the Industry which it pertains as well as to achieve its vision. Among those resources, Money is foremost and it is needed for various reasons which may include meeting its working capital requirement, construction of asset, etc. Most of the organisation opts for borrowings from banks, other financial institutions for the same. Borrowings may include some outflow of cash even before such borrowings are made, which we may call as borrowing cost such as interest, loan processing charges by banks, other charges other than the principal amount while repaying. Definitions Borrowing Cost Interest charges on bank borrowings including short term and long term borrowingsBorrowing cost can be illustrated with many interpretations. But AS 16 provides an inclusive definition comprising of, Amortisation of discounts, premiums Ancillary costs in connection with arrangement of borrowings Finance charges in respect of assets acquired on finance lease Exchange difference arising in foreign currency borrowings to the extent they are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs. Qualifying asset There are certain exceptions to qualifying asset. They are, Investments other than investment properties Inventories that are routinely manufactured over a short period of time How to interpret? In order to guide for a proper interpretation ICAI has issued ACCOUNTING STANDARD INTERPRETATION (ASI). With reference to ASI-1, Substantial period of time dependents on the facts and circumstances of each case. However, ordinarily, a period of 12 months is considered, unless a shorter or longer period can be justified on the basis of circumstances of the case. With reference to ASI-10, Adjustment to interest cost means the difference between the interest cost on foreign currency loan and interest that would have been paid on local currency loan had this loan been in local currency Recognition: Borrowing cost will be recognised only if such cost or expense is absolutely and directly attributable to acquisition, construction or production of qualifying asset and its is also important that the cost incurred only be capitalised when it is probable that they will result in future economic benefits to enterprise and can be measured reliably Borrowing cost that are not recognised and as a result it is not eligible for capitalisation can be charged to the profit and loss account in the period which it occurs. Interrelation of AS-16 with other accounting standards AS-11 Exchange differences arising from foreign currency borrowing are considered as borrowing cost for which the increase in liability towards principal amount should be capitalised to the extent of increase in the interest would be paid if loan was taken in Indian currency and the balance has to be treated as exchange difference as per AS-11, The effects of changes in foreign exchange rates. Illustration: ABC ltd Company has taken a loan of USD 10,000 on April 1, 20X3, for a specific project at an interest rate of 5% p.a. On April 1, 20X3, the exchange between the currencies was Rs.45 per USD. The exchange rate as at March 31,20X4 was Rs.48 per USD. The corresponding amount could have been borrowed by ABC ltd in local currency at an interest rate of 11% p.a. Solution: (i) Interest = USD 10,000 X 5% X Rs.48 = Rs.24000 (ii) Increase in liability towards the principal amount = USD 10,000 X (48-45) = Rs.30,000. (iii) Interest that would have resulted if the loan was taken in Indian currency =USD 10,000 X 45 X 11% = 49,500 (iv) Difference between (iii) and (i) = 49500 – 24000 = 25,500. 30000 AS-16 AS-11 25,500 4,500 Therefore out of Rs.30,000 increase in liability towards principal amount, only Rs.25,500 will be considered as borrowing cost and the remaining Rs.4,500 will be considered as exchange difference and charged to Profit and Loss as per AS-11 Total Borrowing cost as per AS-16 = 24,000+25,500 = Rs.49,500 Additional Illustration How will you answer change in the above case it the local interest rate is 13% Solution: (i) Interest = USD 10,000 X 5% X Rs.48 = Rs.24,000 (ii) Increase in liability towards the principal amount = USD 10,000 X (48-45) = Rs.30,000. (iii) Interest that would have resulted if the loan was taken in Indian currency =USD 10,000 X 45 X 13% = Rs.58,500 (iv) Difference between (iii) and (i) = 58,500 – 24,000 = Rs.34,500. Therefore, whole 30,000 will be considered as borrowing cost. Total Borrowing cost as per AS-16 = 24,000+30,000 = Rs.54,000 What will be the situation under Income-tax act? Sec.43A Income-tax act explains how to deal with exchange rate differences arising from acquiring asset from a country outside India for the purposes of business or profession as a result increase or reduction in liability for making payment or for repayment of loan borrowed in foreign currency specially acquiring for asset. It clearly states that exchange difference has to be treated in Income tax only in relation to payment, and not on accrual basis as required under AS-16. Therefore, only the exchange differences arising from the assets acquired or loan borrowed from outside India is to be capitalised. It never speaks about the concept of adjustment of interest costs. So, even if one has followed AS-16 for treating exchange difference as an adjustment to interest cost, it has to be nullify that effect while arriving at the block of assets as per Income tax act and instead, adjustment of assets only to the extent of exchange differences has to be made. AS-12 Expenditure on a qualifying asset comprises of only those that has resulted in payments of cash, transfers of other assets or the assumption of interest bearing liabilities. Such expenditure has to be decreased for any progress payment received and grants received in connection with asset .This is also similar in the case of Accounting standard-12, Government grants, as it prescribes that asset has to be accounted after deducting the amount of monetary grant received from the gross value of the asset. AS-19 In the inclusive definition of borrowing cost, it says that finance charge arising on account of assets acquired on financial lease is to be capitalised to the extent of such finance charges. Such finance charges will be computed as per the Accounting standard-19, Leases. Measurement Measurement of borrowing costs includes such costs incurred in both specific and general borrowing. In case of specific borrowing, the money borrowed is used particularly for the purpose of acquiring a qualifying asset. Such cost has to be capitalised less any income on temporary investment made on such borrowings On the other hand, it is general borrowing for which the money is borrowed generally for the purpose of various qualifying assets, the amount of borrowing cost to be capitalised to be determined by applying an appropriate capitalisation rate on the expenditure of the capitalisation rate. Capitalisation rate is the weighted average of the borrowing cost applicable to the borrowings of the enterprise outstanding during the period other than the borrowings made specifically for the purpose of obtaining qualifying asset. Capitalisation Rate = Total Interest on borrowing Total Borrowings Therefore, the relationship is, Specific borrowings one loan with one asset or many assets General borrowings – Many loans with many assets Expenditure on qualifying asset Payment of cash XX Transfer of other assets XX Interest bearing liabilities XX Less: Receipt of progress payment (XX) Grant received in connection with asset (XX) ________ Expenditure XX Another important note is that the amount of borrowing costs capitalised during the period should not exceed the amount of borrowing cost incurred during the period. Commencement Capitalisation of borrowing coast will be commenced on the basis of three conditions. They include that the expenditure for acquisition, production of asset has been actually incurred and activities necessary to prepare the asset for which the asset has been originally assessed to be used and actual borrowing cost has been incurred for the same. Suspension Borrowing costs in relation to qualifying assets are normally continuous for capitalisation. But in certain case they are suspended as prescribed when there is interruption in the active development of the asset. But there is exception to such suspension is not necessary in these cases, When substantial technical and administrative work is being carried out. When temporary delay is a necessary part of process of getting an asset ready for its intended use or sale. (E.g. Interest on loan taken to finance working capital requirement for a vineyard) Cessation There is a point in which the capitalisation of borrowing cost should to be stopped. Such capitalisation should be ceased if construction of a certain portion of the asset is completed and such asset can be used independently for its intended use or sale. On the other hand, if the assets are completed in parts and cannot be used independently, then the capitalisation should continue till the asset is ready for its intended use. The other kind of situation is that the capitalisation should be stopped if the asset is physically completed and only the routine administrative work is going on. Even if decoration work is remaining then the asset is deemed to be completed and the capitalisation of borrowing cost should be stopped for such asset. Disclosure Borrowing costs are disclosed in financial statements in terms of the particular accounting policy adopted and the amount of borrowing costs capitalised during the financial year. What are the significant differences between AS-16, IAS, and US GAAP? There is a marked difference in the way US GAAP and IAS deal with capitalisation of borrowing costs. Under IAS-23, there are two treatments that are allowed, The benchmark treatment which requires borrowing cost to be expensed when incurred Alternative treatment which requires capitalisation of borrowing cost when certain rules and conditions are fulfilled. But AS-16 does not allow dual treatment, i.e. borrowing costs are compulsorily capitalised when certain conditions are fulfilled and compulsorily not capitalised when certain conditions are not fulfilled. The same situation exists in the case of US GAAP-FAS-34 interest cost is capitalisable for all assets that require a period of time for their intended use, unless they are not material. Conclusion In spite of various accounting policies and financial reporting framework, AS-16, Borrowing costs are important to prepare those financial statements and so that the accounting information presented to the management is accurate and discloses material facts.

Comparing Obsession in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Aldous Huxley’s

Comparing Obsession in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and Aldous Huxley’s After Many A Summer Dies the Swan Authors leave fingerprints on the works they write. Underneath the story, hidden amidst the words, lies a worldview, a concept of humanity, a message. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is an entertaining story meant to give the reader goose bumps late at night, but the telling of the story also reveals Shelley’s concept about the basic fabric of human nature. In the same way Aldous Huxley in After Many A Summer Dies the Swan weaves a tale that is part story and part commentary on how humans interact and think and self- destruct. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelley portrays obsession as an anomalous aspect of human behavior resulting when people move away from their basically good nature, while Aldous Huxley portrays obsession as the most intrinsic of all human qualities. This paper will contrast the basic views presented in each book about the origin of obsession and its relation to human nature, giving examples of how the authors’ views are embodied in their characters. In the novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelley presents a view of human nature that is largely positive so long as it does not wander into the dangerous realm of obsession. She speaks of human endeavors and discoveries as being valuable and good. The young Victor is enchanted by scientists who have â€Å"performed miracles† by â€Å"penetrating the recesses of nature† (45). The discovery and contemplation of the natural world is a means by which characters find serenity and calm, and thus come in tune with the beauty of their humanity. In the midst of the sublime wilderness, even Victor contemplates â€Å"divine ideals of liberty and self-sacrifice† (1... ...nts human nature as basically good aside from the selfish obsession perpetuated by withdrawal from normal society and human behavior. Huxley offers a bleaker view, portraying self- obsession as an innate quality ensnaring all of his characters unless they are freed to transcend their humanity and seek another level of consciousness. If Shelley and Huxley were here today, debating the merits of their stance, Shelley may might utter the words of Pete Boone, â€Å"I suppose I’ve been too optimistic.† And Huxley, adjusting his thick glasses, might reply as Propter did, â€Å"Too optimistic in certain directions, and at the same time too pessimistic in others† (188). Works Cited Huxley, Aldous. After Many a Summer Dies the Swan. Mattituck, New York: American Reprint Company, 1976. Shelley, Mary. Frankenstein. New York: Barnes and Noble Classics. 2003.

Importance Of Chemistry Essay

Our entire universe is made up of matter which is constantly changing forms and evolving into other forms of energy. We use chemistry from the beginning of the day till its end, the toothpaste we use to brush our teeth is made of abrasives, fluoride, and detergents. These common household items contain batteries, which make them very chemically dependent. The purification our water by process of chlorination, dental cleanliness from toothpaste, sterilization, the control and the cure of disease are all a part of daily living discovered and created by chemistry. These discoveries make up a major component for the protection of our health and hygiene and are vital for the future existence of mankind. Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed, of their properties and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change. The use of these processes to form new substances, understanding the importance of chemistry is essential to know the importance of chemistry in everyday life. Everything on earth is made up of chemicals you, your food, and the products you use in life such as soaps, perfumes etc. all are made up of chemicals. Life without chemicals is impossible. A number of changes that you observe are the result of chemical reactions like the rain, the change in the color of leaves, cleaning of any particular material in your house, all involve chemicals. You need to understand certain chemical reactions. When does your packet food expire? What disinfectants and repellents you should use to keep your house hygienic and healthy and so on. A guest (Jonathan Liu) stated â€Å"I never knew that chemistry is applied to so many things in everyday life! I knew that there would be a lot of math involved and just thought that we would be studying science more in depth. Now that I’ve read this, I am more interested in studying chemistry at school†. Chemistry is important because it helps in exploring things which are unknown to mankind. Chemistry is important because it explains the future behavior of plants and animals and all of us use chemicals directly or indirectly in our daily lives. We are us ing chemistry when we cook, when we wash, when we eat, when we get ready, when we play, when we think, as a  matter of fact, we always use chemistry. Increasing the knowledge in chemistry is important if we want to improve our lifestyle on the daily. Chemistry is also important for the environment. When you are aware of the harming effects of the gases like carbon dioxide and methane as a result of the greenhouse effect, you can easily carve out solutions for the reduction of effects on the environment. If you go with a minimum knowledge of the importance use of chemistry you can help in saving the environment to a large extent. Though chemistry is thought as complicated and a boring science subject, chemistry is responsible in explaining the world you live in, apart from explaining cooking, cleaning, medicine and environment issues; chemistry is in essence the study of everything. Understanding the basic chemistry is essential for all, but specializing in chemistry, making a career out of the subject is also interesting. Plenty of chemistry related high paying jobs are available today. All the medical students, physicists, geologists, nutritionists study chemistry. That the importance of chemistry will increase day by day and it is essential to understand the basic chemistry to properly conduct the activities of the daily life.

Godfrey of Bouillon, First Crusader

Godfrey of Bouillon, First Crusader Godfrey of Bouillon was also known as Godefroi de Bouillon, and he was best known for leading an army in the First Crusade, and becoming the first European ruler in the Holy Land. Godfrey of Bouillon was born in about 1060 C.E. to Count Eustace II of Boulogne and his wife Ida, who was the daughter of Duke Godfrey II of Lower Lorraine. His elder brother, Eustace III, inherited Boulogne and the familys estate in England. In 1076 his maternal uncle named Godfrey heir to the duchy of Lower Lorraine, the county of Verdun, the Marquisate of Antwerp and the territories of Stenay and Bouillon. But Emperor Henry IV delayed confirming the grant of Lower Lorraine, and Godfrey only won the duchy back in 1089, as a reward for fighting for Henry. Godfrey the Crusader In 1096, Godfrey joined the First Crusade with Eustace and his younger brother, Baldwin. His motivations are unclear; he had never shown any notable devotion to the Church, and in the investiture controversy he had supported the German ruler against the pope. The terms of the mortgage agreements he drew up in preparation for going to the Holy Land suggest that Godfrey had no intention of staying there. But he raised considerable funds and a formidable army, and he would become one of the most important leaders of the First Crusade. Upon his arrival at Constantinople, Godfrey immediately clashed with Alexius Comnenus over the oath the emperor wanted the crusaders to take, which included the provision that any recovered lands that had once been part of the empire be restored to the emperor. Though Godfrey clearly had not planned to settle in the Holy Land, he balked at this. Tensions grew so strained that they came to violence; but ultimately Godfrey took the oath, though he harbored serious reservations and not a little resentment. That resentment probably grew stronger when Alexius surprised the Crusaders by taking possession of Nicea after they had besieged it, robbing them of the opportunity to plunder the city for spoil. In their progress through the Holy Land, some of the Crusaders took a detour to find allies and supplies, and they ended up establishing a settlement in Edessa. Godfrey acquired Tilbesar, a prosperous region that would make it possible for him to supply his troops more readily and help him increase his number of followers. Tilbesar, like the other areas acquired by the Crusaders at this time, had once been Byzantine; but neither Godfrey nor any of his associates offered to turn any of these lands over to the emperor. Ruler of Jerusalem After the Crusaders captured Jerusalem when fellow crusade leader Raymond of Toulouse refused to become king of the city, Godfrey agreed to rule; but he wouldnt take the title of king. He was instead called Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri (Protector of the Holy Sepulchre). Shortly thereafter, Godfrey and his fellow crusaders beat back a force of encroaching Egyptians. With Jerusalem thus secured - at least for the time being - most of the crusaders decided to return home. Godfrey now lacked support and guidance in governing the city, and the arrival of papal legate Daimbert, archbishop of Pisa, complicated matters. Daimbert, who shortly became the patriarch of Jerusalem, believed the city and, indeed, the entire Holy Land should be governed by the church. Against his better judgment, but without any alternative, Godfrey became Daimberts vassal. This would make Jerusalem the subject of an ongoing power struggle for years to come. However, Godfrey would play no further part in this matter; he died unexpectedly on July 18, 1100. After his death, Godfrey became the subject of legends and songs, thanks in large part to his height, his fair hair and his good looks. Sources: Brà ©hier at the Cathoic Encycopedia. Godfrey of BouillonBrundage, James at Paul Halsalls Medieval Sourcebook. William of Tyre: Godfrey Of Bouillon Becomes Defender Of The Holy Sepulcher.

Natural Science Essays

Natural Science Essays Natural Science Essay Natural Science Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: Natural Science The Federative Republic of Brazil is currently the world’s sixth largest economy. It is the fifth largest country in the world in terms of geographical area and population. It is endowed with a great abundance of natural resources. Brazil is a former colony of Portugal and the only Lusophone country in the Americas. The division of the country’s administrative regions seeks to ensure that the central government represents all citizens. The country’s constitution is based on Roman-Germanic traditions and civil law, which is codified in a Federal Constitution. Its head of state is the president. Despite these achievements, Brazilians face a myriad of problems that threaten its sustainability. Part 1 The large population of Brazil at 192 million is a challenge for a country handle (Delgado, 16-9). With such a large population, scarce resources become even more strained. There is a huge burden on the government to ensure that resources are distributed and consumed evenly throughout the country. The strain placed on budgeting for resources and creating a sustainable economic environment to foster growth is high. This population also places a great burden on the country’s resources, in that there are fewer resources than the people’s needs. The completion for these limited resources is high and stunts the growth of the economy. The natural resources endowed to any country are under threat of depletion over time because of continuous use. Brazil was a leading exporter of iron ore and steel. These two industries were sources of income and revenue for the country as well as employment for the populous. The decline in the rate of production has affected the country’s exports and revenue collected. The number of jobs that these industries used to produce was constantly declining over the years. The strain placed on the resources of the country by the great population is a leading factor in the depletion being experienced. Brazil’s economy shows a great disparity between the rich and poor. A few feudal lords exist who are in possession of the country’s biggest industries or at least have large stakes in them. This disparity can be witnessed in some of the larger cities like Rio de Janeiro where the rich and affluent have contributed to the growth of the city with the installation of industries and businesses, while the poor have an extensive slum area in the heart of the city (Delgado, 31-9). This disparity hampers the sustainability of the country because of the number of resources required to help those in the lower end meet their daily needs. Women play a vital role in any economy. They constitute half the population of any country. Despite this glaring fact, women in Brazil are not empowered in an economic sense. In most households, men are still the sole breadwinners and women do not have any purchasing power (Torras, 21-5). The presence of a female president notwithstanding, the number of women empowered to make sober decisions financially, in their lives is less than desirable. For a country boasting of its overall economic achievements, it has left a section of its population behind in terms of economic development and independence. To attain sustainability, the country should look into ways to develop this section of its population. Part 2 The effect of such a large economy lacking sustainability is felt by the world community. Brazil turns to this community when it is in need of assistance. Such a situation was reached when Brazil turned to the International Monetary Fund to ask for a financial bailout. Although the loan was repaid, it placed a burden on the country’s economy. Brazil’s position as a leader in Latin America was compromised during this period from mid 2002 to 2005 (Torras, 34-8). Its financial and developmental obligations to the region and the world could not be met effectively. A large economy such as Brazil places a huge burden on the globe if it cannot meet its own responsibilities. The problems that Brazil is facing are similar to those of other emerging world powers like China, India and Russia. All these countries are facing challenges being sustainable and self-sufficient. They are all emerging powers and economic leaders in the global scene. They are large countries geographically and in terms of population. Despite the fact that these nations have made great strides in establishing themselves in the economic scene, they have the challenges of feeding their populations, improving the lives of the poor and bridging the economic gap between the two social classes (Costa, 56). Brazil is well on its way to becoming a global leader to reckon with. The fact that it has a female president shows that the women are acquiring economic and political liberation. It has faced several upheavals in its past but has managed to get back on track. Concentration on maintaining sustainability will spur it into great achievements. Focus needs to remain on the country’s population to enable it to enrich its people. Education and health care are fundamental areas that require more attention and innovation. Sustainability is still within reach for a country such as Brazil. Children in the New Millennium: Environmental Impact on Health. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme, 2002. Print. Costa, Thomaz G. Brazil in the New Decade: Searching for a Future. Washington, D.C: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2000. Print. Delgado, Guilherme. Social Security and Food Security: Successful Policy Experiences in Brazil. Geneva: ILO, 2012. Print. Torras, Mariano. Welfare, Inequality and Resource Depletion: A Reassessment of Brazilian Economic Growth. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate, 2003. Print