Dance Injury - Hamstrings Essay Example for Free

Dance Injury Hamstrings Essay Dance is an art form. Professional dancers pride themselves for being able to express complicated emotions through the artistic interpretation of movements. Like athletics, dancers are very prone to physical injury, that is, their work requires intense physical training in which often result in mild or severe injuries. This essay will attempt to investigate and understand what is the hamstring strain or tear injury, how it occurs, and ways to prevent such injury. A dance piece is constituted with a variety of movements displayed by the human body. One of the primary functions of the skeletal system is to provide support and shape while the muscular system is to provide a range of movements by moving the different limbs of the body. Therefore, the kinesiology muscle of a dancer that directs the leg into amazing moves is complicated. The hamstring muscle group consist of three muscle; the Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, and the Semimembranosus. The hamstring muscle group is located at the back of the thigh. According to â€Å"The Anatomy of Exercise and Movement†, the Bicep Femoris is the largest and most lateral of the three hamstring muscles. It has ‘the long head’ and ‘the short head’ making it a bicep muscle. Its primary purpose is to contract, consequently helping in hip outward rotation. As for the other two hamstring muscles, the Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus are completely synergistic, doing the same actions together. Working at the hip, both muscles extend and are active in internal rotation (pg.144). All three muscles in the hamstring muscle group have the same origin, which is the Ischial Tuberosity, also known as the sitz bone, situated at the bottom of the pelvis bone. Even though the F asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf asdf hamstring muscle group have same origins, each muscle has a different insertion, the Bicep Femoris; the head of Fibula (bone) and the lateral of Tibia (bone), Semitendinosus; proximal of Tibia, medial to Tebial Tuberosity, Semimembranosus; Tibia. The hamstring muscle group helps in extending the leg backwards and bending the knees. Hence, this specific group muscle helps in producing dance movements namely ‘plies’, ‘passe’, ‘attitude devant’, and ‘arabesque’. The hamstring strain or tear injury can be a pull, a partial tear or a complete tear of the muscle. The strain or tear is to be found at the peak of elongation velocity when producing movements. This injury occurs when the hamstring muscle group is ‘strain’ beyond its normal length whilst producing a certain eccentric contraction movement. A strain or tear can also happen when the muscles are challenged with a sudden load or work to produce a movement or several movements. â€Å"A common problem in dancers is imbalance or asymmetry that can result in hamstring injury. The imbalance could be muscular or structural.† (livestrong.com). An example of such imbalance is when a dancer is dancing with a tilted pelvis. This can result to an over emphasis on the quadriceps muscles and only stretching the hamstring group muscles. Livestrong.com continue to name a list of reason how the hamstring group muscle can be injured when a dancer overstretches and ‘overuse injur y’. Overstretching seems to be contradictory, as part of being a dancer is to be flexible. Most dancers have a similar mindset. If the leg extension is not long or high enough when performing movements such as a ‘battement’; he or she simply needs to stretch out the tightness. This action can result to severe muscle strain. Consequently, the ‘overuse injury’ can occur simply from working on a specific dance technique or dance movement for too long. Without proper strength in the hamstrings, and rest for the muscles, the hamstrings undergo continuous tension and this can result in tears and fatigue (livestrong.com). There are other factors which increase the likelihood of suffering a hamstring strain or tear injury. Age, flexibility of the hamstring muscle group, as well as tiredness and lack of fitness are namely some of the contributing factors to this injury. The hamstring strains or tear can be graded according to the severity of the injury. Grade 1 consists of minor tears within the muscle. A grade 2 is a partial tear in the muscle and grade 3 is a severe or complete rupture of the muscle (sportsinjuryclinic.net). The symptoms of a grade 1 hamstring strain are; the injured dancer may feel a slight pull or tightness and minimal swelling in the posterior thigh. Consequently, he or she will be aware of slight discomfort when walking. Following on, grade 2 hamstring strains or tears may be associated with occasional sudden twinges of pain when producing a movement. As a result, gait will be affected and limping may be present. Moreover, flexing and applying pressure to the knees may cause pain. Therefore, a dancer with grade 2 hamstring strain or tears might be unable to fully straighten the knees. Finally, walking will be severely impaired in a grade 3 hamstring tear resulting to the need of walking aids. A dancer will feel severe pain particularly when producing a knee flexion. In addition to all that is mention, a grade 2 and 3 hamstring strain or tear may indirectly affect one’s posture. This is a result of impulses transferred by the nervous system from the hamstring muscle group to the Central Nervous System (CNS). The CNS consists of the spinal cord and the brain, transmitting impulses from the spinal cord to the brain. There are 5 pairs of sacral plexus in the spinal cord, containing four sacral nerves, which branch out, supplying sensory to the muscles attached to the pelvis, buttocks, and part of the lower limbs. The sciatic nerve, which branches out from the sacral plexus, is the longest nerve of the body and is responsible for the pain associated with the hamstring group muscle. â€Å"The nerve supply becomes impeded by excess pressure or damage and pain, is experienced in the hips and buttocks down through the knee to the ankle.† (An Holistic Guide to Anatomy and Physiology, 2006, pg.213). It is vitally important that treatment for a pulled hamstring starts immediately. The most important phase for treatment is the first 48 hours post-injury. Treatment of hamstring strains or tears will vary depending on the type of injury, its severity, and the needs and expectations of the patient. However, treatment can be generally divided into two types; Non-Surgical treatment and Surgical Treatment. Most hamstring strains heal very well with simple non-surgical treatments methods such as R.I.C.E, an acronym for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. A dancer who is experiencing a hamstring strain should take rest, and avoid activities that strain the muscle group. In addition, he or she should apply cold packs several times a day on the straining area but not directly onto the skin. Also, the patient should wear an elastic band for compression to avoid more swelling and blood lost. To reduce swelling, he or she should recline, elevating the leg above the heart level. After R.I.C.E, dancers who wish to rehabilitate from a hamstring strain should get physical therapy treatments to restore the range of motion and strength. Surgical treatment is most often performed for tendon avulsion injuries, where the tendon has pulled completely away from the bone. Like treatments, the duration for a full recovery from a hamstring strain and tear injury vary depending on its severity. A grade 1 injury will probably take seven to ten days, a grade 2 injury will take four to six weeks however a grade 3 injury can take up to 4 or more months. â€Å"One of the most important methods of preventing a pulled hamstring is to warm-up correctly. This has been scientifically proven to reduce the risk of hamstring strain.†(sportsinjuryclinic.net). Warm-ups should gradually increase in intensity. Moreover, most dancers often fail to understand the importance of strengthening exercises. Dancers focus too much on stretching the muscle, lengthening but making it week and unable to support the range of motion when dancing. Boyd Bender, a physical therapist for the Pacific Northwest Ballet stated to strengthen the hamstring muscle group, dancers should also strengthen the quadriceps muscle group. This is because these muscle groups work in concert. If trained correctly, the strength ratio should be 60% of quadriceps muscle group and 40% of hamstring muscle group, with each muscle group supporting and complementing each other to prevent injuries. (findarticles.com). On top of dance technique classes, dancers should also add Pilates and Gyrotonic class for dynamics of stretch, strength, and movement for a well-rounded regimen. Dancers should also include stretching bands when practicing technique. With the use of stretching bands like Thera-Band, dancers not only refine their technique but also strengthen their muscle groups. The body is the instrument for a dancer. Every dancer should aim to achieve optimum capacity of his or her body through warm-ups, body conditioning, technique classes, stretching and cool-down. In conclusion, dancers should never work their body recklessly. Like all instruments, it should be refined and well taken care of.

A basic Introduction of Culture and its meaning

A basic Introduction of Culture and its meaning The word culture is generated from Latin word of cultura which means care, or cultus that means civilization. (Harper 2010) It can be defined as complicated system of behaviors that share and practice by a given group of people or society. This includes beliefs, values, knowledge, laws, habits and material objects. (Andersen and Taylor 2007) Cultural and society are intertwined and they cannot be separated from each other. Society refers to groups of people who stays in the same region and follows the same laws executed by their countries. (Kendall 2010) Hence, people in the same region will normally perform the same culture. (Brinkerhoff et al 2008) Some socialists view culture as a way of life (Mohanthy 2005) regards to people ways of thinking and behaving. (Macionis 2005) Culture also refers to activities or symbols that created and adopted by people to deal with certain issues in order to survive in their environments and accepted by their society. (Brym and Lie 2007) Further, it can also be a tool to unite the society so that everyone can rally together by having the same culture, same direction. (Andersen and Taylor 2007) For example, Malaysia is famous as rich cultural heritage because of having different races with diverse cultures that bring people together (Boey 2007) especially through the latest One Malaysia concept. (Bernama 2009) Culture is shared and transmitted from generation to generation for future guidance. (Kendall 2010) Different cultures will be shared when there are various races and ethics groups. (Andersen and Taylor 2007) This can be explained further by the culture of distributing red packets during Chinese New Year by Chinese. This culture of giving red packets does not only share by Chinese in fact it has been adopted by Malays in distributing green packets during Hari Raya celebration. (Faroukaperu 2010) Thus, culture is learned and not born instinctively. (Andersen and Taylor 2007) Next, culture is changing all the times and different across to places. People nowadays tend to change their cultures based on their preferences. For example, people nowadays will wear black apparels during Chinese New Year even it is prohibited by their traditional cultures. People in US will kiss and hug as their way of greetings which is totally different from Malaysia where there will be no intimate actions in greetings. This shows that even the same actions can bring different meanings when it applied in different countries because of their distinguish cultures. (ibid) Contents of Culture Part Two There are two different types of culture, which are material and non-material cultures. Material culture refers to crudely (Ferrante 2008) or human made items that can be seen, wield, and share by society. (Kendall 2010) They are important as evidences to prove the existing of previous, current and oncoming society. (Epitacio and Palispis 1996) Contrarily, non-material culture can be defined as intangible concepts that will affect on how people behave. (Kendall 2010) This consists of symbols, language, values, beliefs and norms that created and followed by particular group of people in society which I will discuss below. (Epitacio and Palispis 1996) Symbols The presence of culture is because of human capability to invent and access symbols. (Popenoe 1989) Symbols are type of tangible objects or ideas that people appoint them with denominations or purports. (Ferrante 2008) Symbols permit people to categorize their experience and extrapolate from it. This can be shown by the symbols of daddy and mummy that cannot be simply address to anyone. As the baby often heard the words, thus he knows who he should address these phrases to. (Brym and Lie 2007) Symbols can also create patriotism, likeable or hatred because they are represented by certain tangible items. For example, national songs can stand for nationalism, roses represent likable and weapons represent hatred. Next, white colour of gown and garments are usually worn by bride and bridegroom because white stands for pureness. People might also use symbols to show their status in the society, for example the car BMW is a symbol of affluent and wealthy. Hence, whenever we see someone driving BMW, we will automatically categorize that people as rich. (Kendall 2010) In addition, symbols of gestures that seem sinless can sometimes offend people with different cultures. The thumbs up gesture that usually express excellent can be troublesome in Australia as it means up yours. They have to remember that there are different symbolic meanings in different society and new symbols can be created anytime. (Macionis 2005) Language Language is a type of symbols that permit people to share their concepts, allow them to consider wisely before interact with people. (Anderson and Taylor 2007) There are verbal and nonverbal languages. (Kendall 2010) Language is considered to be the most important symbol in expressing our past, sentiment and lore because it is straight forward and easy to understand. (Popenoe 1989) Some socialists alleged that language can be used to differentiate human from animals. (Epitacio and Palispis 2007) Scientist Steven Pinker has claimed that language is what naturally born by human beings. (Brym and Lie 2007) Although animals do not communicate with each other by language, they do have the ability to learn but with limitations. For instance, parrot that will follow on what the trainers train it to be. But yet, their memories are definite and they do not have the capability to understand the meaning of its. Therefore, animals cannot pass the messages to their progeny unlike human. (Kendall 2010) Language and culture are inseparable. As children learn their language, they will understand more about their culture and participate fully into it. The sense of belongings to their own culture can be created and through language they can share the bygone and world after tomorrow. (Ferrante 2008) Through language people can realize others experiences and mistakes to ensure no repetition on the same failure. (Epitacio and Palispis 2007) Each language has their own vocabulary, pronunciation and ways of constructing sentences. (Anderson and Taylor 2007) For example, English language people will construct a sentence in the subject-verb-objects (The girls are playing Barbie dolls) which is different compare to Korean subject-object-verb (The girls Barbie dolls are playing). Korean and Chinese will first address their family surname but western people will only address their family name after mentioned their own name. (Ferrante 2008) Sometimes the same words can also pronounce differently by using American or British slang. Further, vocabulary for tomatoes is known as pomodoro in Luigi and agvabiya in Shoshanna. These clearly show the using of languages can categorize the society people are in (Brym and Lie 2007) and to shape unity within the groups. (Brinkerhoff et al 2008) Nevertheless, Sapir-Whorf Thesis was proposed in 1930s by linguists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf regard to the relationships between experiences, concepts and language. (Brym and Lie 2007) This hypothesis claimed that the language people use will shape their perspective of actuality about how they look the world (Anderson and Taylor 2007) and no languages will have the same thoughts of actuality. (Popenoe 1989) However, many scientists found this thesis exaggerated the relationship between language and people concept, ways of behaving. They do agree that the language could affect their behavior and perception but will not ascertain it. (Kendall 2010) Language also being used to differentiate gender and this can be shown by example of word masculine used to describe he as strong while feminine is used to represent she as coward. (Brym and Lie 2007) However, as time passes, many vocabularies that previously only refer to men has changed as many women nowadays are highly educated. For example, the word chairman in the past has amended to either chair or chairperson in organizations. (Kendall 2010) Values and Beliefs Values represent the perfect manners to decide the desirability regard to justice, correct versus wrong and good verse bad. (Anderson and Taylor 2007) Values are intangible notions that could form the perfectionism of society. (Popenoe 1989) Meanwhile, values also shape a persons behavior (Anderson and Taylor 2007) and people will use their values as models to evaluate the attitude of someone. (Kendall 2010) As claimed by Talcott Parsons (1951), values are imbibed by people since they are small through their parents or environmental factors. (Popenoe 1989) Thus by evaluating the attitudes of someone, people can determine the fundamental values on what they learnt in the former. (Epitacio and Palispis 1996) Values are reciprocal with culture. (Macionis 2005) Some cultures will value more on individualism whereas some will value more on group. Seen in this light, we can realize people in US value more on individualism as they more focus on their personal achievement rather than sharing it with others. This is totally different with Korean that is ready to share their joyful with others and they tend to be more unity. (Ferrante 2008) Furthermore, values have mutual relationships with beliefs. Beliefs are notions and concepts that bind people together and what they perceive it should be. Some socialists claimed that beliefs are the fundamental for values and guiding people to pass through their lives even though sometimes it might be wrong or sinful. (Anderson and Taylor 2007) Cultural beliefs and values do not only influence people viewpoints but could shape their ways of behaving. (Macionis 2005) Another example to prove that beliefs and values affect the attitude of people can be seen from Kwakiutl group who have the habit of distributing their wealthy to their people or even to their competitors. (Anderson and Taylor 2007) They believe by doing such a way their people will stay loyalty and offer them helps whenever they are in troubles. (Brinkerhoff et al 2008) However, values contradictions always occur due to the conflicts of ideal and real culture. Ideal culture refers to the culture that someone should practice in society while real culture is what eventually adopted by people. (Kendall 2010) This can be seen by the example of China tainted milk powder by Sanlu Group that happened previously. Their only concern in making profits and ignored customers safety has shown the contrast of ideal and real cultures adopted by business. (BBC News 2008) (Refer to Attachment 1 page 15 to 16) Norms Norms refer to cultural expectations regard on what actions to be carried out when facing issues. (Anderson and Taylor 2007) Norms also act as standards to provide guideline about what are right and wrong, what should be done or forbidden by society. Even though it almost the same as values, but norms clarify how people should behave while values only provide ideas and concepts regard to behaviors. (Kendall 2010) Thus, norms can also form people attitude and decide the stability of society. (Anderson and Taylor 2007) There are formal and informal norms. (Ferrante 2008) Formal norms are rules that have recorded and must be obeyed while informal norms refer to situations that will happen everyday. (Anderson and Taylor 2007) For instance, the compendium given to high school student is a type of formal norms and student ought to follow the rules stated. Informal norms can be seen by normal routines such as brush your teeth early in the morning and before you sleep without the necessity to remind. (Ferrante 2008) Norms also consist of prescriptive and proscriptive norms in which the former declare what actions are correct and the latter record conducts of wrongdoings. (Kendall 2010) US sociologist William Graham Sumner (1906) has introduced norms of folkways and mores. According to him, it is informal norm that will give us discipline (Ferrante 2008) and will not have any serious circumstances even if someone breaks it. (Popenoe 1989) For example, someone is violating the folkways when he dyes his hair into green. Even though other people might view him as insane or mad, but his act never intrude anyones life and will not affect the society. (Brinkerhoff et al 2008) Next, mores are important to govern the ethically of behaviors (Brym and Lie 2007) that could influence the stability of society if someone breach it. (Kendall 2010) Unlike folkways, people who commit mores will be punished more seriously, such as imprisonment or even sentence to death. This normally applies to criminal cases such as murder that against by laws. (Ferrante 2008) Incent taboo is an example of crucial mores that prohibit from having any sexual desire and intimate relationships with person that have the same kinship. (Kendall 2010) The violation of this taboo can bring unexpected shameful and punishments such as imprisonment, whipping or both can be executed at the same time. (Anderson and Taylor 2007) To sum up, folkways will determine either polite or impolite while mores will differentiate correct or evildoings. (Macionis 2005) Laws have implemented for modulating and governing people attitudes and actions. (Epitacio and Palispis 1996) Laws are part of formal norms that compile and sanction by state government. (Brinkerhoff et al 2008) Most of the mores are laid under criminal laws with more serious penalties (Epitacio and Palispis 1996) while civil laws are basically for handling cases about arguments. (Kendall 2010) However, laws are sometimes flexible and pamper to certain acts which might seen as illegal. This can be shown by the example where most Chinese will have the habit of gambling during Chinese New Year. Even though gambling is an illegal behavior but many polices will just close one eye because they refer this as a way on how Chinese society share their joyful during their festival. (The Star 2006) (Refer to Attachment 2 page 17 to 18) Lastly, sanction can also be applied for the intention to compel norms and it can either be positive or negative. (Popenoe 1989) Positive sanction refer as recompenses that someone will receive by doing adequate conducts whereas negative sanctions will be administered when someone did something guilty. (Kendall 2010) The degree of sanctions will rely on how strong the norm is being concerned. (Anderson and Taylor 2007) However, there are formal and informal sanctions. (Popenoe 1989) Formal sanction only occur when someone in the high status with power involve in decision making process. An example of formal sanction can be viewed by the Muslim Malay model that has to receive sanction of canning because of her violation in drinking alcoholics drinks. (Mail Online 2009) (Refer to Attachment 3 page 19 to 20) Nonetheless, informal sanction is a control to assure the compliance of people or society to certain norms. For example, society in Aguaruna adopts custom of reciprocity. If someone does not interact with others, the individual will be isolated and no one will assist them whenever they need helps. (Gutierrez 2002) Material Culture Besides only referring to physical and tangible items, material culture also covers the process of utilizing skills for producing items (Brym and Lie 2007) using ingredients such as raw materials, or even invent through existing objects. (Kendall 2010) This clearly shows that material culture cannot not be isolated from technology that refer to the literacy and wisdom to invent, introduce, alter and convert something to maximize its usage. (Macionis 2005) Sociologists also called material culture as artifacts due to its breeding and usage by human. (Popenoe 1989) Material culture plays a significance role because it shows the advancement of technology in enriching people life. In fact, material cultures are interdependence with non-material cultures because archaeologists can only analyze and identify the non-material cultures through the dig up artifacts left by former society. (ibid) However, sociologist William F. Ogbum claimed sometimes cultural lag can occur due to the inability of non-material cultures to pursue with the progress of material culture. (Kendall 2010) Example of cultural lag can be shown through the technology of cloning (material culture) that is possible to clone human with the same genes, characteristics, shared values and norms. However, many people banned this technology because it is differs from their religion beliefs (non-material culture) that everyone has to pass through the process of death. (BBC News 2006) (Refer Attachment 4 page 21 to 22) Material culture can be concluded as instruments to form human beings and vice versa. (Popenoe 1989) For example, iPhone has grabbed abundance attentions when it was first presented in the market and many people has buying it. Functions of this high end technology gadget (material culture) will be fully utilized and discovered by their buyers. Thus, material culture will form how human beings reacted meanwhile the desire of human beings to use high technology gadget nowadays have made many companies join in the fray to devise this kinds of material cultures. (Catanzariti 2009) Countless material cultures have also introduced through the advancements of technologies in the fields of Internet, telecommunication and transportation such as aeroplanes, computers. (Kendall 2010) Part Three Social Conflict perspective claimed culture as social item (Brinkerhoff et al 2008) because the inequality of privileged groups or society to govern social life and exploit others. (Kendall 2010) It is so called as conflict because it only benefits and focus on powerful groups. (Popenoe 1989) According to Karl Marx, ideas play an important role in society and thus the concept of ideology which is the shared culture beliefs emerged in order to remain their status and authority. (Kendall 2010) This can be supported by the example of ideology in ruling class where bourgeoisies, the upper class of Marxian culture have authority to exploit the lower class, proletarians either politically or economically. (Popenoe 1989) Therefore, conflict theory asserted that culture is a type of authority in society because it is overrule by strong and wealthy groups of people or institutions. (Anderson and Taylor 2007) These groups of people could use non-material culture such as idea to influence and change people behaviors. (Kendall 2010) For example, the contents of the newspaper would filter before publish to society if it is financially supported by private organizations. They could also convert critical bad news into minor case so the reputation of the organizations will not be affected. Thus, the cultural items that produced are not necessary correct and mostly only meet the demands of this privileged group that willing to pay. (Anderson and Taylor 2007) Conflict theory also construes culture as it will be slowly dominated by affluent big players in capitalist economic industry. These big players will gradually control and diversify their business for example by buying over other company to remain their biggest potion in the market and slowly insert their influences to society. It has been claimed that the more successful the business is, the more market the business is holding and the easier the business in affecting culture of others. Sociologist refers this as cultural hegemony, which is the only and biggest power in play. This cultural hegemony has the authority to rule everything because most culture beliefs made by these powerful people are known to be correct and perfect. (ibid) Moreover, this theory analyze concept of cultural capital that define by French Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu (1984) as the lore and wisdom that own by upper class, such as the activities of playing golf and sailing that distinguish the standards of social class. (Brinkerhoff et al 2008) The reason is simple, upper class people will use their knowledge (cultural capital) to invest their money and gradually enhance their social and economic position. Therefore, the rich will becomes richer and the poor will becomes poorer. When they have more money, they will be more respected and people will start listening to them. (Anderson and Taylor 2007) Some conflict theorists even conclude that former popular culture that originated from the public are slowly unadopted by people due to the creation of new popular culture. This can be shown by games of whirligigs and kites that were previously played by children have no longer been seen in todays century. We will be noticed that city children nowadays only play games entertainments like PS2, Internet and mobile phones. This clearly showed that the advanced games (new popular culture) have superseded the former popular games and culture. (Kendall 2010) Besides that, it also evokes the inequality in the term of gender and certain human rights. (ibid) For example, women will be described as weakness and timid whereas men will be defined as reverence. Gay and lesbian also addressed as deviance and absurd. All these inequalities have caused pressure that lead to right revolutions, a process of achieving victory in executing even rights under the legislation. Hence, women, gay, lesbian and many other rights have created in order to protect these vulnerable groups and maintain the stability of society. Examples of increasing women participation in workforce especially in Singapore have proven that women are changing and they can decide their own future. (Chang 2009) (Refer Attachment 5 page 23 to 24) Iowa is also the first state to legalize gays and lesbian marriage in order to enhance their pride in status. (The Associated Press 2009) (Refer Attachment 6 page 25 to 27) Nevertheless, many Muslim nations still unable to accept homosexuali ty and they are still being discriminated by people. (Brym and Lie 2007) In a nutshell, this social conflict theory do not illustrate the equally distribution of human necessary but more emphasize on the relationship between culture and its disparity. (Macionis 2005) Conclusion Culture can be concluded as the characteristics of society. As the world becomes borderless, cultures easily transmit and share by people from different society. Every material and non-material culture also plays their roles in maintaining harmonization between one another and unites people together. (Kendall 2010) Thus, it is important to know and understand our own cultures (Newman 2008) and pass them to our next generations to ensure its long-lasting. (Brym and Lie 2007) Word Count: 3283 words Attachments Attachment 1: China Sanlu Group tainted milk powder Chinese baby milk scare severe Published: 2008/09/13 11:36:43 GMT  © BBC MMX The number of Chinese babies known to have fallen ill with kidney stones as a result of contaminated milk powder has risen to 432, officials have announced. This is a severe food safety accident, health ministry official Gao Qiang, said. Those responsible would be severely punished, he added. Later, it was announced that 19 people had been arrested. Tests showed the milk powder contained the industrial chemical melamine. One infant has died. The new scare revived memories of a fake baby milk formula scandal four years ago in which at least 13 babies died. Vow to punish As of 12 September, there are 432 cases of kidney stones in the urinary systems of infants according to reports from health departments nationwide, Gao Qiang said. None of the milk powder was exported to other countries or regions, Mr Gao said. Only a fraction of the milk powder was sold to Taiwan for food processing, he added. Gao Qiang said the Sanlu Group had been ordered to halt production after its products were found to be responsible. We will severely punish and discipline those people and workers who have acted illegally, Mr Gao said. Melamine is a toxic chemical used in plastics, fertilisers and cleaning products. New Zealand-based dairy product company Fonterra Cooperative Group Ltd, a part-owner of Sanlu, ordered a recall of about 700 tonnes of powder contaminated with melamine believed to be in circulation. Melamine has been used by Chinese suppliers of animal feed components to make them appear to have more protein. It was linked to the formation of kidney stones and kidney failure in pets in the United States last year, leading to thousands of deaths and illnesses. A fake milk powder scandal in 2004 killed at least 13 babies in the eastern province of Anhui. Investigators found that the milk given to these babies had no nutritional value, and the resulting scandal triggered widespread investigations into food safety. Story from BBC NEWS: Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/7614083.stm The above news is used to show the differences between ideal culture and real culture in real business situation. Attachment 2: Gambling Saturday March 11, 2006 The adverse effects of gambling Tel: (03)2260 1954/ 2134 or email Information in this article is courtesy of the  Malaysia Crime Prevention Foundation(MCPF) Gambling is illegal in Malaysia unless it is being operated under a government licence or permit. Among the gambling activities that are considered illegal include: Gambling in the house Gambling in public places Illegal lottery Illegal bookmaking Slot machines/ jackpot/ turfking/ fruit machine Hawking lottery results Gambling can easily develop into a compulsion for some of us. When this happens, it becomes a serious problem not only to the individual but also to society at large. The harm caused by those who are hooked on gambling usually spreads to the family and community. Many problem gamblers often experience stress-related physical and psychological ill health. Problem gambling is like a disease to society and may bring these consequences to the individual who indulges in it: Wastes time, which otherwise could be used for something more constructive. Lose huge amounts of money, which leads to stress and disharmony in the family. One could become a dishonest person who has to constantly worry about debts. Gambling may be a cause of bribery. Work becomes secondary or in some cases, totally neglected. Health is also neglected by forgoing food and drink. As a last resort, some may turn to criminal activities or illegal moneylenders to cover losses and continue gambling. When a person becomes obsessed with gambling, s/he will do anything just as long as s/he can gamble. Theres always the risk of getting caught and being charged in court. Those who gamble will risk losing everything. The consequences of problem gambling can be avoided by getting involved in other more beneficial activities. Among the suggestions to prevent one from gambling is to focus on spiritual development, take up sports or a hobby, or do some charity work. Some of us resort to illegal moneylenders when we are strapped for cash, which is dangerous and unadvisable. Here are some suggested steps to take to avoid being victims of these loan sharks: Do not be lured by promises of quick money Do not be easily fooled into signing a form or contract by a salesperson Victims should be bold enough to make a police report, revealing all information they have on schemes like these, to aid the authorities in catching the perpetrators. Story from The Star Online. Source: http://thestar.com.my/fightcrime/resources/story.asp?file=/2006/3/11/resources/20060316165242HYPERLINK http://thestar.com.my/fightcrime/resources/story.asp?file=/2006/3/11/resources/20060316165242sec=resourcesHYPERLINK http://thestar.com.my/fightcrime/resources/story.asp?file=/2006/3/11/resources/20060316165242sec=resourcessec=resources The above news is being used to show that gambling is illegal in Malaysia even though it has became a norm or habit to Chinese society since ages ago. Attachment 3: Punishment of Canning for breaking Sharia Law Malaysia delays caning of Muslim model for drinking beer until after Ramadan By  Mail Foreign Service Last updated at 9:25 PM on 24th August 2009 A Muslim model who is to be caned by Malaysian authorities after being caught drinking beer will have her punishment postponed until after the Islamic fasting month of Ramadan. Kartika Sari Dewi Shukarno originally had been scheduled to enter a womens prison today before being lashed six times with a rattan cane some time this week. However, Mohamad Sahfri Abdul Aziz, a legislator in charge of religious affairs, says the caning will be carried out after the current Muslim fasting month of Ramadan.   It began Saturday and will end in mid-September. He says the decision was made at the last minute for compassionate reasons on the advice of the Attorney Generals office but insisted that the punishment had not been cancelled. Kartika Sari Dewi Shukarno, a 32-year-old mother of two, insisted she is ready to be lashed six times with a rattan cane next week for breaching the countrys Shariah law, which forbids Muslims to consume alcohol. I want to respect the law, Kartika said.   Who am I to question the Islamic authorities laws? That is beyond me. I never cried when I was sentenced by the judge. I told myself, all right then, lets get on with it. But if youre going to cane me, then do it in public. Miss Shukarno, 32, was sentenced to six lashes by an Islamic court after she was caught with alcohol in a raid on a hotel nightclub in eastern Pahang state last year.   Amnesty International had urged authorities to immediately revoke the sentence to cane her and abolish the practice of caning altogether. Caning is a form of cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment and is prohibited under international human rights law, it said in a statement. But Miss Shukarno has even asked for the caning to be carried out in public to send a clear message to Muslims that they should shun alcohol. Prosecutor Saiful Idham Sahimi said: It is a good punishment because under Islamic law a person who drinks commits a serious offence.   He added that a rattan cane lighter than the one for men would be used, and that its purpose was to educate rather than punish.   Muslims, who make up two-thirds of Malaysias 28million population, are governed by sharia law. Although most alcohol offenders are fined, they can also be caned.   Womens rights groups attacked the penalty as being too harsh.   Yesterday the court set a one-week period starting next Monday for the sentence to be carried out in a womans prison, Saiful said. Prison authorities will decide when to cane her during that period. He said Kartika will remain in prison during that time and will be released as soon as possible after the caning is carried out. Caning, administered on the buttocks, breaks the skin and leaves permanent scars. Kartika said earlier that she wanted authorities to cane her as soon as possible so she can resume her life with her husband and children.   Most alcohol offenders are fined, but the crime also carries a three-year prison term and caning. Non-Muslims are governed by civil courts, which also impose caning for offens

The Missed Fly Ball :: Personal Narrative Essays

The Missed Fly Ball    It was only a fly ball, but I missed it.   I missed a fly ball in the final baseball game my 3rd grade year .   It was a beautiful day, a few clouds covering the extremely blue summer sky.   It was very hot. I remember this because of the tremendous amount of sweat that would run down my face while I stood out in right field.   When I heard that crack of the bat, all I could hope for was that the ball would not come my direction.   I have never had good luck, so the ball was coming right for me.   I didn't even have to move, all I did was put my glove in the air and again hope it hit my glove.   It did hit the glove but bounced right out and behind me.   Now all there was to do was pick up the ball and throw it.   It was not this simple for me.   I turned around, bent down for the ball, and after the third try successfully grabbed it and stood back up and prepared to throw.   Well the first thing that came to mind was just to fling it up in the air and hope it makes it to somebody around the base runner.   Considering my previous luck, I just threw it to the first basemen.   The throw was not any better then the catch.   It landed 5 feet short and by the time the first basemen recovered the runner had rounded third base and was at least halfway home.   The runner did score on a close play at the plate.   The run gave the other team a two run advantage going into the sixth inning, which was the last in midget league.   I knew at this point I was going to have a hard time facing the other guys on the team after this big let down.   It also made me decide to quit baseball all together.   Since quitting baseball at such a early age I missed on the opportunity to take part in what could have, at one time, been considered America's Pastime.    Once a few years later I started to learn how to play basketball for the first time.   It was just a few friends and myself down at the park shooting hoops.   I wasn't terrible, considering I had never really played before.   We played a few games of Horse and a few other simple shooting games.   I wasn't the best but I wasn't always last.   I was doing good until someone suggested we play twenty-one.

Automobile Industry Pest Analysis Essay

1. Political Factors A) Environment Concerns: Leading to the quest for eco-friendly cars, people would prone to buy hybrid or even pure electric cars in the future. B) Government Regulations: Limitation on high emission car purchase, and the restrictive passage of autos in downtown area, as well as the limitation on license plate (number plate) in huge cosmopolitans. C) Some pioneering states in the US have started to set the rules to govern robotized motoring (autonomous driving). 2. Economic Factors. A) Economic growth has shifted from traditional strong western countries (US, West Europe, specifically) to other parts of the world, especially, East and Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America. B) Auto Markets in developed countries are saturated: High rate of auto owning, stable population and household quantity. The auto market there is typically of substitution of old car with new ones. C) Public Transportation Infrastructure including high speed rail network, intercity light-rail network, etc, will be perfected in developing countries. D) Fuel cost is on the wing, driving demand for mini-car, A-Class, Compact car. 3. Social Factors. A) In developing countries, owning a car is not only means of transportation but also a need of social status. B) People’s awareness of environment protection is growing. 4. Technological Factors. A) Technology for Electric Engine is maturing, and battery capacity is increasing. Some countries have started to establish infrastructure for electric charging stations. B) The aim to eliminate casualty caused by transportation accident will be met by the adoption and perfection of automatic pilot (unmanned driving). Google has started the trial operation of a fleet of autonomous driving cars. California and Nevada have set rules to govern robotized monitoring. Trend & Segment of Profitable Market for Automobile: 1. Smaller cars such as Mini-cars, A-Class passenger cars, and compact cars will have larger shares of market. 2. Eco-friendly cars and high-tech cars with auto-pilot function will lead the market. 3. Markets with high growth potential will be in developing countries or the so-called emerging economies. Supporting Data: GDP Growth Rate Index: (Source: World Bank) Country Name| 2008| 2009| 2010| 2011| Macao SAR, China| 3.3 | 1.7 | 27.0 | 20.7 | Qatar| 17.7 | 12.0 | 16.6 | 18.8 | Mongolia| 8.9 | -1.3 | 6.4 | 17.5 | Turkmenistan| 14.7 | 6.1 | 9.2 | 14.7 | Ghana| 8.4 | 4.0 | 8.0 | 14.4 | Panama| 10.1 | 3.9 | 7.6 | 10.6 | Timor-Leste| 14.6 | 12.8 | 9.5 | 10.6 | Iraq| 9.5 | 4.2 | 0.8 | 9.9 | Liberia| 10.5 | 13.8 | 10.9 | 9.4 | Zimbabwe| -17.7 | 6.0 | 9.6 | 9.4 | China| 9.6 | 9.2 | 10.4 | 9.3 | Solomon Islands| 7.3 | -1.2 | 7.0 | 9.0 | Papua New Guinea| 6.7 | 5.5 | 8.0 | 9.0 | Argentina| 6.8 | 0.9 | 9.2 | 8.9 | Eritrea| -9.8 | 3.9 | 2.2 | 8.7 | Turkey| 0.7 | -4.8 | 9.2 | 8.5 | East Asia & Pacific (developing only)| 8.5 | 7.5 | 9.7 | 8.3 | Uzbekistan| 9.0 | 8.1 | 8.5 | 8.3 | Estonia| -4.2 | -14.1 | 3.3 | 8.3 | Rwanda| 11.2 | 6.2 | 7.2 | 8.3 | Sri Lanka| 6.0 | 3.5 | 8.0 | 8.3 | Kuwait| 5.0 | -5.2 | 3.4 | 8.2 | Lao PDR| 7.8 | 7.5 | 8.5 | 8.0 | Equatorial Guinea| 10.7 | 4.6 | -0.5 | 7.8 | Ecuador| 7.2 | 0.4 | 3.6 | 7.8 | Kazakhstan| 3.3 | 1.2 | 7.3 | 7.5 | Maldives| 12.2 | -4.7 | 5.7 | 7.5 | Tajikistan| 21.2 | 3.9 | 6.5 | 7.4 | Nigeria| 6.0 | 7.0 | 8.0 | 7.4 | Ethiopia| 10.8 | 8.8 | 9.9 | 7.3 | Mozambique| 6.8 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 7.1 | Cambodia| 6.7 | 0.1 | 6.0 | 7.1 | Georgia| 2.3 | -3.8 | 6.3 | 7.0 | Congo, Dem. Rep.| 6.2 | 2.8 | 7.2 | 6.9 | India| 3.9 | 8.2 | 9.6 | 6.9 | Paraguay| 4.2 | -3.5 | 14.2 | 6.9 | Peru| 9.8 | 0.8 | 8.8 | 6.8 | Saudi Arabia| 4.2 | 0.1 | 4.6 | 6.8 | Bangladesh| 6.2 | 5.7 | 6.1 | 6.7 | Uganda| 8.7 | 7.2 | 5.9 | 6.7 | Upper middle income| 6.1 | 2.0 | 7.8 | 6.6 | South Asia| 3.9 | 7.4 | 8.6 | 6.5 | Zambia| 5.7 | 6.4 | 7.6 | 6.5 | Indonesia| 6.0 | 4.6 | 6.2 | 6.5 | Tanzania| 7.4 | 6.0 | 7.0 | 6.4 | Moldova| 7.8 | -6.0 | 7.1 | 6.4 | Middle income| 5.7 | 2.7 | 7.7 | 6.4 | Low & middle income| 5.7 | 2.7 | 7.7 | 6.4 | Sierra Leone| 5.5 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 6.0 | Chile| 3.7 | -1.0 | 6.1 | 6.0 | Low income| 5.7 | 4.7 | 6.1 | 6.0 | Colombia| 3.5 | 1.7 | 4.0 | 5.9 | Vietnam| 6.3 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 5.9 | Lithuania| 2.9 | -14.7 | 1.3 | 5.9 | Palau| -6.1 | -4.6 | 0.3 | 5.8 | Lesotho| 5.4 | 2.9 | 5.6 | 5.8 | Europe & Central Asia (developing only)| 3.9 | -6.0 | 5.8 | 5.8 | Afghanistan| 3.6 | 21.0 | 8.4 | 5.7 | Botswana| 2.9 | -4.8 | 7.0 | 5.7 | Uruguay| 7.2 | 2.4 | 8.9 | 5.7 | Lower middle income| 4.6 | 5.2 | 7.3 | 5.7 | Kyrgyz Republic| 8.4 | 2.9 | -0.5 | 5.7 | Haiti| 0.8 | 2.9 | -5.4 | 5.6 | Bhutan| 4.7 | 6.7 | 11.8 | 5.6 | High income: nonOECD| 2.7 | -1.3 | 7.3 | 5.6 | Oman| 12.8 | 1.1 | 4.0 | 5.5 | Latvia| -4.2 | -18.0 | -0.3 | 5.5 | Among the countries with a REAL GDP growth rate on or above 5.5%, most of the countries are in South America, Africa, and Eastern Europe. GDP Growth Rate Map: (Source: World Bank). The darker the color, the higher the GDP growth rate of the country. We can see that major economic growth are all out of the traditional western countries. Recently, countries buying most cars are: (Source: http://visual.ly/2012-global-car-sales-statistics).

Principles of Business Administration Essay

Both employees and employers need to make sure that they are fully aware of their surroundings and to make sure that they are not under the influence of any drugs or alcohol while at work. Alongside personal conduct employees and employers need to make sure they take on personal action, they need to be able to action when needed and not wait for someone else to take control of a situation. As an employer one way they can make sure that the environment is secure and safe if by finding out the information i. . who is in charge of first aid where are the main health and safety concerns within the building and most importantly knowing who to contact when need to if there is a major issue. Santander is an example of a company who made sure that security is top of the game, the reason for this is this company deals with thousands of customers account details may it be for credit cards or store cards, each member of staff are put through training which explains all about data protection and what to do and not to do. The ways in which staffs are told to deal with the accounts are as follows:- When contacting customer may it be from an outbound call or an inbound call all staff need to make sure that they advice the customers that calls may be recorded for future reference, then they must ask the customers security questions to make sure that they are speaking to the correct person (this can be hard as sometimes it is difficult to fully know if the person you are talking to is the correct person). Once this has been confirmed the employee can go on and explain to customer that they are in arrears and take payment to and note customers account, there are occasions when the payment system will not respond and the employees would have to write down the customers details on these occasions the customers would be aware and if they were happy information would be taken and imputed later on the information would then be placed in a specific bin which is collected one every week where all personal or private information is destroyed. Other things employees are told is when leaving the computer they need to make sure that they lock their screen this way no one is able to get a copy of any of the customers details, if the employee has any paper work laying around they also need to make sure that this is locked away if the information has any customers details on. Due to the amount if accounts that fall into arrears there are staff who mainly deal with the store cards and credit cards, these staff are aware not to talk about account holders details, when calling the customer they need to amek sure they complete security questions

Managing Outbreaks of an Infection Essay

NICE and Department of Health Guidelines NICEandDepartment of Health guidelines set the standards for high quality healthcare. It encourages a healthy lifestyle for people. The NICE and Department of Health guidelines are also used by the NHS, Local Authorities, employers, voluntary groups and anyone else involved in delivering care and promoting wellbeing. The recommendations that are given provide guidance on infection control and taking precautions. These should be applied by all healthcare personnel, and other carers, to the care of patients in all healthcare settings. For example, hands must be washed immediately before each and every episode of direct patient contact or care, and after any activity or contact that could potentially result in hands becoming contaminated. Another example is, when handling and disposing sharp objects. Sharps must not be passed directly from hand to hand and handling should be kept to a minimum. Also needles must not be recapped, bent, broken or opened before use or disposal. This is to ensure that infections do not spread and no one gets hurt with the needles. When it comes to precautions then these guidelines say that precautions should be taken with care. Health care professionals should ensure that these precautions benefit the patients who have TB and also prevent anyone else from getting these ill. For example, isolation nursing. The guideline says that this should be done to prevent anyone else from catching the infection and to stop the infection from spreading. What is Tuberculosis (TB)? Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that is spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person.It is a serious condition but can be cured with proper treatment. TB mainly affects the lungs but it can also affect any part of the body, including the bones and nervous system. In some cases the bacteria infect the body but do not cause any symptoms which are known as latent TB. It is called active TB if the bacteria causes symptoms.  A TB infection of the lungs is known as pulmonary TB but TB can occur outside the lungs, which is known as Extrapulmonary TB. What are my Concerns? My concerns are that the TB infection can spread from four patients to more. TB is caused by a type of bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB is spread when a person with the TB infection in their lungs coughs or sneezes. Someone else needs to inhale and take in the droplets containing the TB bacteria. To catch it from someone else you would usually have to spend a long period of time in close contact with the infected person for you to catch the infection. For example, TB is more likely to spread between family members who live in the same house. This is because family members are living and are around the infection person mostly. This means they are at more risk of catching the infection. It would be very unlikely for someone to become infected by sitting next to an infected person on a bus. It is my concern that some of my other patients will be able to catch the infection from the four patients who already have TB. This is a concern because we do not want all the patients within our ward being infected with TB. TB is a serious infection. Why I need to prevent an outbreak? I need to prevent this outbreak because TB is an infection which could harm the person who has it. If untreated the patients can become worse. Also we need to prevent it from spreading. This is done to ensure that other people do not catch the infection. Also when one person has the infection then it will keep spreading and everyone in the hospital will be sick. This will be done by isolation. This is when we isolate the patient away from the other patients. This ensures that this infection is not able to spread to anyone else. This means the infection will keep spreading. The bacteria enters our body and once it has entered our body it starts to multiply and because it is a bacterial infection it does not need to attach to another cell to multiply. It is able to multiply on its own. After multiplying it starts to cause mycobacterium infection. Our immune system cannot stop the TB bacteria from growing and spreading after the infection has started to spread into our body. Medication and treatment is then needed for the body to then recover. Preventing an outbreak is important because it can spread and start  to infect other people. If a person is around someone that has been infected then they need to make sure that you stay away from them. This is because the individual is able to catch the infection from affected items and affected people. The NICE guidelines:â€Å"It has long been recognised that people who are sputum microscopy positive from spontaneously expectorated sputum are those cases with the highest infectivity, and pose a risk to household and other close contacts such as workplace contacts. For these reasons, traditionally, patients with pulmonary disease in whom tuberculosis is suspected are isolated in a single room.† Isolation nursing is one way in which an outbreak of infection can be prevented. The Department of Health guidelines:â€Å"This section discusses the evidence and associated recommendations for the use of person al protective equipment by healthcare workers in general care settings, including aprons, gowns, gloves, eye protection and face masks. Where appropriate, in addition to the grade of the evidence underpinning the recommendations, there is an indication of a Health and Safety requirement. The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation.† Using personal and professional equipment is another way in which an outbreak can be prevented. The doctors, nurses and other professionals working in a hospital should make sure that they do everything that prevents the infection from spreading to the workers, all the patients and visitors. Preventing an outbreak is important because we do not want other people getting ill. TB is a serious bacterial infection. Preventing other people from getting it is important. What are the risks and damage of an outbreak on staff, patients, visitors and their families? The risks of this are that staff, patients, visitors and their families are able to catch the TB illness. This is a risk because we will have more patients in the hospital with TB. Once a person is infected with TB bacteria, the chance of developing TB disease is higher if the person; has HIV infection, has been recently infected with TB bacteria (in the last 2 years), has other health problems, like diabetes, that make it hard for the body to fight bacteria, abuses alcohol or uses illegal drugs; or was not treated correctly for TB infection in the past. The damage of  this is that it then damages the individual’s body. This is because they go into getting further illnesses in the future. The department of Health Guidelines: â€Å"The incidence of TB is influenced by risk factors such as exposure to, and susceptibility to, TB and levels of deprivation (poverty, housing, nutrition a nd access to healthcare), and differs in different parts of England and Wales. Where scientific evidence supports it, this guideline makes recommendations on service organisation, as well as for individual teams of healthcare professionals. The guideline aims to focus NHS resources where they will combat the spread of TB, and some sections deal with high- and low-incidence areas separately. The NICE guidelines: â€Å"Anyone exposed to TB bacteria can become infected but people at particular risk are those that are less able to fight infection. Those at risk include: Household and frequent contacts of infectious cases, those who have lived in, travel to or receive visitors from places where TB is still very common, those who live in ethnic minority communities originating from places where TB is very common, those with immune systems weakened by HIV infection, the very young and the elderly, as their immune systems are less robust, those with chronic poor health and nutrition because of lifestyle problems such as homelessness, drug abuse or alcoholism, those living in poor or crowded housing conditions, including those living in hostels. Other conditions that suppress immunity such as renal failure and chemotherapy and diabetes increase the likelihood of reactivation of TB.† What precautions do we need to take? Personal and Professional Equipment is a regulation which protects the person at work from any risk/harm to their health and safety. We need to make sure that we use the right equipment. This will ensure that we are safe. It will also ensure that everything is done well while at work. Wearing/using personal and professional equipment prevents contact with a infectious agent of a bodily fluid that may contact an infectious agent by creating a barrier between the potential infection and then the worker. For example, if we wear a duck mask then it blocks our nose and mouth. These are two portals in which infections can come into a person. That I why blocking these two portals of entry is important so the infection is not able to get into people. If a nurse or doctor does go into the room to then they need to make sure they use personal and professional equipment. This will ensure that they are protected from the infection. The NICE guidelines: â€Å"Healthcare workers caring for people with TB should not use masks, gowns or barrier nursing techniques unless: MDR TB (multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis) is suspected or aerosol-generating procedures are being performed. When such equipment is used, the reason should be explained to the person with TB. The equipment should meet the standards of the Health and Safety Executive which is mentioned in section 9.3.†The Department of Health Guidelines: â€Å"This section discusses the evidence and associated recommendations for the use of personal protective equipment by healthcare workers in general care settings, including aprons, gowns, gloves, eye protection and face masks. Where appropriate, in addition to the grade of the evidence underpinning the recommendations, there is an indication of a Health and Safety requirement. The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation.† Isolation is one more thing which health and social care professionals need to take care of. By isolated patients who have TB is another precaution which needs to be taken. TB is able to spread to other people who do not have TB. That’s why it is important to make sure that we keep the patients who have TB away and isolate them. This needs to be done to ensure that the patient is isolated to prevent illness from spreading. We need to isolate the micro-organism and make sure that the person stays isolated until the TB infection is not treated. The NICE guidelines:â€Å"This isolation has been recommended until three separate sputum tests have been analysed on the patient. If these tests are negative, the patient is usually considered to cause a significantly lower infection risk. They may then be moved from the single room to a shared ward, provided there are no HIV-positive or other patients with major issues on the same ward. If patients are tested positive for tuberculosis, and need to be admitted to hospital, isolation is required until treatment makes the person non-infectious.†The Department of Health Guidelines:â€Å"It is recommended that patients with suspected or confirmed pulmonary TB who are admitted to hospital should remain isolated in a negative pressure room with airborne precautions applied, until discharge criteria are met. In principle these criteria include: a reduction in or  absence of cough, reduced smear burden or smear negativity, assured treatment and an appropriate discharge plan.† Also some other precautions that need to be taking are making sure that everything is clean and looked after. Cleanliness is very important because it prevents infections from spreading. Another precaution which needs to be taken it to make sure that all of the things which the patient with TB has used are disposed and cleaned properly. Also the patients clothes and linen should be washed separately from the other patients linen and clothing. This will ensure that infections do not spread. Taking all of these precautions is important because it ensures that patients, staff and visitors are safe and do not get any infections. The NICE guidelines: â€Å"Linen, Waste and Cleaning for bed linen, books, crockery or washing up facilities should be washed separately. Disposal of infected material should be as clinical waste per hospital policy. Rooms should be cleaned as normal/regularly and a normal full clean after discharge. Extra cleaning is unnecessary.† The department of Health Guidelines: â€Å"There are three levels of TB infection control: Administrative (managerial) control measures/ work place policy, environmental control measures, and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection). Administrative control measures are the most important since environmental control measures and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection) will not work in the absence of solid administrative control measures. Each level operates at a different point in the transmission process: administrative control measures reduce HCW and patient exposure; environmental control measures reduce the concentration of infectious droplet nuclei, personal protective devices (respiratory protection) protect HCWs in areas where the concentration of droplet nuclei cannot be adequately reduced by Administrative and environmental control measures.† How would we educate staff, visitors and patients? Education is vital for people. If we educate staff, visitors and patients about TB then they would be more aware of what TB is, how it affects the body and how to prevent yourself from getting TB. We could do this through putting up posters around the ward and hospital. We could also make leaflets and hand them out to patients and visitors around the hospital. Also doctors and  nurses could speak to family members and friends and tell them about TB. Doing all of this will make people more aware of TB and the risks of it.The Department of Health Guidelines: â€Å"It is recommended that service providers aim to improve awareness of TB among the public, the professions and local authority agencies. Experience suggests that targeted campaigns tailored to the local population work better than national campaigns. Examples include: keeping local GPs informed about local TB services and reminding them of the importance of screening new entrants on arrival and on an ongoing basis. Keeping GPs aware of prompt referral systems. Resourcing TB services adequately so that they are not only involved in teaching clinical colleagues, but also in raising awareness of TB, particularly among high-risk groups; and informing clinicians of peer group networks and encouraging them to seek advice on treatment where appropriate. The NICE guidelines:â€Å"During the development of the guideline, patient and carer representatives on the GDG highlighted these suggestions: a single national source of high-quality TB information in relevant languages, and formats for vision- or hearing-impaired people. TB services to assess local language and other communication needs, and accordingly make information from the national source available locally. Clear discussion between healthcare professionals, people with (or at risk from) TB and their carers about tests, treatment, contact tracing and infection control measures, to enable understanding. People with both HIV and TB to be provided with information about the different specialties who may provide care during and after their treatment for TB. Contact tracing explained and handled sensitively to avoid misunderstanding and stigma. Information set out so as not to medicalise the patient. TB services providing each patient completing anti-tuberculosis treatment with clear ‘inform and advise’ information.† D1: ASSESS HOW THE SUGGESTED MEASURES TO MANAGE AN OUTBREAK OF INFECTION MEET LEGAL REQUIREMENTS AND GUIDELINES OF THE PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF INFECTION IN A HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE SETTING One of the measures that we will use to prevent the outbreak of TB is by using personal and professional equipment. By usingpersonalandprofessionalequipmentit ensures that we are safe. It makes sure that we are trying our best to prevent ourselves from getting any infections. Doing this is important because we need to make sure that the bacterial infection does not get into us.Personal and Professional Equipment  protects a person in hospital from any risk/harm to their health and safety. We need to make sure that we use the right equipment to ensure that we are safe. Wearing/using personal and professional equipment prevents contact with an infectious agent of a bodily fluid that may contact an infectious agent by creating a barrier between the potential infection and then the worker. The NICE guidelines say about Personal and Professional Equipment: â€Å"Healthcare workers caring for people with TB should not use masks, gowns or barrier nursing techniques unless: MDR TB (multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis) is suspected or aerosol-generating procedures are being performed. When such equipment is used, the reason should be explained to the person with TB.†The Department of Health Guidelines say about Personal and Professional Equipment: â€Å"This section discusses the evidence and associated recommendations for the use of personal protective equipment by healthcare workers in general care settings, including aprons, gowns, gloves, eye protection and face masks . The decision to use or wear personal protective equipment must be based upon an assessment of the level of risk associated with a specific patient care activity or intervention and take account of current health and safety legislation.† The strengths of this measure are that by using personal and professional equipment it protects the person at work or visitors from any risk/harm to their health and safety. We need to make sure we use the right equipment. PPE prevents contact with a infectious agent or a bodily fluid that may contact an infectious agent by creating a barrier between the potential infection and the worker. This is important because it prevent the infection from getting into other people. We need to make sure that we prevent the infection from getting to anyone else. It ensures people are safe. Also teaching this to people who do not know e.g. visitors and family members of the patient is also important. This gives them an understanding of how serious the illness is and what should be done to prevent it. It makes them more aware and next time if someone else they know catches TB then they will know what personal and professional equipment to use and the important of them. A weakness of this is that sometimes people might forget to use them. They might go into the patient’s isolated room and not realise that they have forgot to put on equipment. This is a weakness because if people forget to put on protective equipment then they are more likely of catching the TB infection. Also when visitors come into  the hospital then they might not know that they have to use personal and protective equipment, especially children. The nurses or doctors need to make sure that they are there at the ward and are telling visitors about the importance of personal protective equipment. This is another weakness. This is because nurses and doctors might be busy with many other patients within the hospital. They might not always be there to tell the visitors. Meanwhile the visitors might go into the isolation room without realising. Isolation is one more thing which health and social care professionals need to take care of. By isolated patients who have TB is anothe r precaution which needs to be taken. TB is able to spread to other people who do not have TB. That’s why it is important to make sure that we keep the patients who have TB away and isolate them. This needs to be done to ensure that the patient is isolated to prevent illness from spreading. We need to isolate the micro-organism and make sure that the person stays isolated until the TB infection is not treated. The NICE guidelines say about Isolation:â€Å"This isolation has been recommended until three separate sputum tests have been analysed on the patient. If these tests are negative, the patient is usually considered to cause a significantly lower infection risk. They may then be moved from the single room to a shared ward, provided there are no patients with major issues on the same ward. If patients are tested positive for tuberculosis, and need to be admitted to hospital, isolation is required until treatment makes the person non-infectious.†The Department of Health Guidelines say:â€Å"It is recommended that patients with suspected or confirmed TB who are admitted to hospital should remain isolated in a negative pressure room with airborne precautions applied, until discharge criteria are met. In principle these criteria include: a reduction in or absence of cough, reduced smear burden or smear negativity, assured treatment and an appropriate discharge plan.† Strengths of isolation are that it protects the patient from getting any other infection from other people. Isolation nursing also protects staff, visitors and families/friends that have come into the hospital. This is very important because the patients are protected from getting any other illnesses which will make their TB. Also another benefit of isolation is that it gives time for the patient to recover. The patient is alone and isolated which lets them rest and recovery time. This is important for the patient. On the other hand if they were on a shared  ward with other patients then they might not get time to rest and also with visitors as well. Weaknesses of isolation are that the patients might feel socially and emotionally isolated. This is not good for them. They might not like the fact that they are isolated and could feel restricted. This could then lead to them refusing to go into isolation. It is important that they go into isolation because if they don’t then it leads to their infection getting worse as their body is vulnerable and could catch other illnesses. Also they could infect other people with their illnesses which then make them ill. It might make the people isolated moody and depressed. This is not good for them. The aim of isolation nursing is to isolate the micro-organism and not the patient even though the patient is still being isolated. Also some other precautions that need to be taking are making sure that everything is clean and looked after. Cleanliness is very important because it prevents infections from spreading. Another precaution which needs to be taken it to make sure that all of the things which the patient with TB has used are disposed and cleaned properly. Also the patients clothes and linen should be washed separately from the other patients linen and clothing. This will ensure that infections do not spread. Taking all of these precautions is important because it ensures that patients, staff and visitors are safe and do not get any infections. The NICE guidelines say: â€Å"Linen, Waste and Cleaning for bed linen, books, crockery or washing up facilities should be washed separately. Disposal of infected material should be as clinical waste per hospital policy. Rooms should be cleaned as normal/regularly and a normal full clean after discharge. Extra cleaning is unnecessary.† The department of Health Guidelines say: â€Å"There are three levels of TB infection control: Administrative (managerial) control measures/ work place policy, environmental control measures, and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection). Administrative control measures are the most important since environmental control measures and personal protective equipment (respiratory protection) will not work in the absence of solid administrative control measures. Each level operates at a different point in the transmission process: administrative control measures reduce HCW and patient exposure; environmental control measures reduce the concentration of infectious droplet nuclei, personal protective devices (respiratory  protection) protect HCWs in areas where the concentration of droplet nuclei cannot be adequately reduced by Administrative and environmental control measures.†

Indian and English cultures Essay

A passage to India is mostly concerned with the relationships between Indian and English cultures, and the interaction and conflicts are the most important moments in the book. This is clearly explained when at the beginning of the book when Dr. Aziz rides on his bicycle to Hamidullah’s house and debates whether it is possible to be friends with an Englishman. Major Callendar, the Civil Surgeon at Chandrapore, and Aziz’s superior calls him away as he is visiting Hamidullah and then disappears before he gets their not even leaving a explanatory note. Establishing that the English are snobby and care nothing about Indians. For Major Callendar Called Aziz right in the middle of dinner and was not even there when he arrived, insinuating that the meeting between the two must have not been that important and could have waited. Adding insult in injury the women at Callendar’s house take his Tonga (a horse-drawn carriage) without even asking. you can assume from the events at the beginning that the English think of Indians as a lesser race and that they should be subservient to them. One of the major moments in the book is when Dr. Aziz meets for the first time Mrs. Moore which is the mother to the Indian Magistrate – Ronny Heaslop. Dr. Aziz thinking that most English, especially Englishwomen are snobby and insensitive to Indians, asks Mrs. Moore to take off her shoes with not even looking at her feet; thinking probably to himself (no Englishwomen would have the common decency or respect for the Indian culture to take off her shoes in the Mosque). After the initial chastising Aziz and Mrs. Moore begin to form a friendship. Aziz finding out that she is both kind and sympathetic After there time at the Mosque Aziz escorts Mrs. Moore to the near all-white Chandrapore Club which is where Mrs. Moore had initially wondered off from. At the Club there is a showing of Cousin Kate, which is the most thoroughly English play in existence, conveying the desire of the English to recreate England in India rather than adapt to their foreign environment. Mrs. Moore ignores the play totally and continues on to the billiard room where she meets up with Adela Quested her traveling companion and most likely will marry Ronny. For the most part Indians view the English with anger and cynicism but it is with the newcomers (Mrs. Moore and Adela Quested) that Aziz sees that they have a desire to see the real India, and are willing to look far beyond the narrow minded view of the other English people. After Adela sees how unconcerned Ronny is with the plight of the Indians she decides not to marry him. As they go for a car ride with Nawab Bahadur, which is the leading loyalist in Chandrapore, an slight accident occurs when they hit a animal and crash. They both get out and look for the injured animal but to no avail, showing Adela his kindness, Adela tells Ronny to forget what she had said and that she will marry him. In town, the Nawab Bahadur tells a group of Indians about his distress; he fears evil spirits, for when he fist bought the car, he ran over and killed a man. Dr. Aziz tells the Nawab Bahadur’s grandson that the younger generation must reject such superstitions. This is showing that what all the English have brought to India is not bad for an elite have been educated and understand how the world works better than they have ever before.