paradigms :: essays research papers

     The truth does not miscellanea according to our ability to stomach it. "acategories.asp?Author=Flannery+O%27Connor+%281925%2D1964%29"If the accompaniments dont fit the theory, change the facts. "acategories.asp?Author=Albert+Einstein+%281879%2D1955%29"     everyone since teh beginning fo time has had their own views and standards for the way that everything around them should be. these views ar seemingly set in stone and unchangeable. thither are many examples in the past of terrible consequences for expressing views other than the norm at the time. more recently this apprehension to change was described by doubting Thomas Kuhn in his book, The Structure of Scientific Revoulutions.     Kuhns book was focused on the scientific world. He said that normal science means research intemperately based upon one or more past scientific achievments, achievments thatsome particular scientific community aacknow ledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its but practice (Kuhn 10). These achievments needed to be unprecedented and open-ended so as to attract a group away from competing ideas and to leave all sorts of problems for this group to resolve. these achievments are called prototypes. a paradigm is defined by Kuhn as an accepted canon of scientific practice, including laws, theory, applications, and instrumentation, that provides a model for a particular coherent tradition of scientific research (Trigger 5).     When results arise that cannot be explained through the current paradigm, a new paradigm may begin to form. the new paradigm originates with new theories that are proposed as a result of the anomalies that were found. to be accepted as a paradigm, a theory must seem better than its competitors, but it need not, and in fact never does, explain all the facts with which it can be confronted (Kuhn 17-18). when the new paradigm is finally accepted, a p aradigm-shift occurs. the paradigm shift represents Kuhns scientific revolution. erst the paradigm-shift is completed normal science returns under the new paradigm until new set of unexplainable facts arise.     paradigms benefactor scientific communities to bind their discipline in that they help the scientist to do several things. they help to create avenues fo inquiry, formulate questions, select methods with which to examine questions and define areas fo relevance. Kuhn writes In the absence fo a paradigm or some candidate for paradigm, all the facts that could possibly pertain to the development of a given science are likely to seem equally pertinent (Kuhn 15). what he was trying to show was that there must be a way to limit the direction of ones research based on what is considered to be known from the past.